WebSim( MIT open course Electronics Lab)

This is very interesting to do the basic electronics lab through the MIT open Electronics Lab (Web Sim) , also can listen excellent lectures from MIT professor on Basic Electronics

RAM8

RAM8:is a memory unit of 8 registers joined together to store 16*8 bits (16 byte). Based on the address (3bits) ,the Dmux8way device control the load signal for each Registers.

CHIP RAM8 {

IN in[16], load, address[3];
OUT out[16];

PARTS:

// load given as input of 8 way Demultipelxer so that 'load' is seperated to control each Registers

DMux8Way(in=load, sel=address, a=a, b=b, c=c, d=d, e=e, f=f, g=g, h=h);

/* 16-Bit register, load is given as each seperated lines

* If load[t-1]=1 then out[t] = in[t-1]
*/
Register(in=in, load=a, out=aa);
Register(in=in, load=b, out=bb);
Register(in=in, load=c, out=cc);
Register(in=in, load=d, out=dd);
Register(in=in, load=e, out=ee);
Register(in=in, load=f, out=ff);
Register(in=in, load=g, out=gg);
Register(in=in, load=h, out=hh);
// 16bit outputs from each Registers connected through 16bit 8 way multiplexer in order to get the outputs based on the Address
Mux8Way16(a=aa, b=bb, c=cc, d=dd, e=ee, f=ff, g=gg, h=hh, sel=address, out=out);

}

How to build a Memory for a computing System

BIT STORE

The elementary functionality of a Computing System is that it should store data somewhere and should be collected it back whenever require. We can call this block as Memory unit of a computer. The Memory can be build using the sequential chip called flip-flop. Below HDL can store a bit . The small memory can Write and Read using the 'load' signal.





CHIP Bit {

IN in, load;

OUT out;

PARTS:

Mux(a=outb, b=in, sel=load,out=out1); //Mux input taken as the feedback of D-Flip Flop out

DFF(in=out1,out=out,out=outb);

}
================================================================================
Register

If a Bus(16bit) connected to 16 parallel a Bit chip ,then we can store 16bit at a time. This is known as Register.

CHIP Register {

IN in[16], load;

OUT out[16];

PARTS:

Bit(in=in[0],load=load,out=out[0]);
Bit(in=in[1],load=load,out=out[1]);
Bit(in=in[2],load=load,out=out[2]);
Bit(in=in[3],load=load,out=out[3]);
Bit(in=in[4],load=load,out=out[4]);
Bit(in=in[5],load=load,out=out[5]);
Bit(in=in[6],load=load,out=out[6]);
Bit(in=in[7],load=load,out=out[7]);
Bit(in=in[8],load=load,out=out[8]);
Bit(in=in[9],load=load,out=out[9]);
Bit(in=in[10],load=load,out=out[10]);
Bit(in=in[11],load=load,out=out[11]);
Bit(in=in[12],load=load,out=out[12]);
Bit(in=in[13],load=load,out=out[13]);
Bit(in=in[14],load=load,out=out[14]);
Bit(in=in[15],load=load,out=out[15]);

}

ALU CHIP

ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit):


The basic building block for a computer is ALU which can perform the basic Arithmetic and logical operations. The Chip creation using the HDL from the basic gates(AND,NOT,MUX,ADDER..etc) gives you the in site knowledge and interest for binary number operations. The below HDL ALU chip can perform 18 operations, potentially which can compute 64.

Follow the course The Elements of Computing Systems

CHIP ALU {

IN // 16-bit inputs:

x[16], y[16],

// Control bits:

zx, // Zero the x input

nx, // Negate the x input

zy, // Zero the y input

ny, // Negate the y input

f, // Function code: 1 for add, 0 for and

no; // Negate the out output



OUT // 16-bit output

out[16],

// ALU output flags

zr, // 1 if out=0, 0 otherwise

ng; // 1 if out<0, 0 otherwise

PARTS:

Mux16(a[0..15]=x[0..15], b[0..15]=false, sel=zx, out[0..15]=x1);

Mux16(a[0..15]=y[0..15], b[0..15]=false, sel=zy, out[0..15]=y1);


Not16(in[0..15]=x1, out[0..15]=notx1);

Not16(in[0..15]=y1, out[0..15]=noty1);


Mux16(a[0..15]=x1, b[0..15]=notx1, sel=nx, out[0..15]=x2);

Mux16(a[0..15]=y1, b[0..15]=noty1, sel=ny, out=y2);

And16(a[0..15]=x2, b[0..15]=y2, out=Andxy);

Add16(a[0..15]=x2, b[0..15]=y2, out=Addxy);



Mux16(a[0..15]=Andxy, b[0..15]=Addxy, sel=f, out=x3);



Not16(in[0..15]=x3, out=notx3);



Mux16(a[0..15]=x3, b[0..15]=notx3, sel=no, out[0]=ou1,out[1]=ou2,out[2]=ou3,out[3]=ou4,out[4]=ou5,out[5]=ou6,out[6]=ou7,out[7]=ou8,out[8]=ou9,out[9]=ou10,out[10]=ou11,out[11]=ou12,out[12]=ou13,out[13]=ou14,out[14]=ou15,out[15]=ou16);

Or(a=ou1, b=ou2,out= out1);

Or(a=ou2,b= out1,out= out2);

Or(a=ou3,b= out2,out= out3);

Or(a=ou4,b= out3,out= out4);

Or(a=ou5,b= out4,out= out5);

Or(a=ou6,b= out5,out= out6);

Or(a=ou7,b= out6,out= out7);

Or(a=ou8,b= out7,out= out8);

Or(a=ou9,b= out8,out= out9);

Or(a=ou10,b= out9,out= out10);

Or(a=ou11,b= out10,out= out11);

Or(a=ou12,b= out11,out= out12);

Or(a=ou13,b= out12,out= out13);

Or(a=ou14,b= out13,out= out14);

Or(a=ou15,b= out14,out= out15);
Or(a=ou16,b= out15,out= notzr);

Not(in=notzr,out=zr);



And(a=ou16,b=true,out=ng);


And(a=ou1,b=true,out=out[0]);
And(a=ou2,b=true,out=out[1]);
And(a=ou3,b=true,out=out[2]);
And(a=ou4,b=true,out=out[3]);
And(a=ou5,b=true,out=out[4]);
And(a=ou6,b=true,out=out[5]);
And(a=ou7,b=true,out=out[6]);
And(a=ou8,b=true,out=out[7]);

And(a=ou9,b=true,out=out[8]);
And(a=ou10,b=true,out=out[9]);
And(a=ou11,b=true,out=out[10]);
And(a=ou12,b=true,out=out[11]);
And(a=ou13,b=true,out=out[12]);
And(a=ou14,b=true,out=out[13]);
And(a=ou15,b=true,out=out[14]);
And(a=ou16,b=true,out=out[15]);


}

Half Adder & Full Adder

Half adder

CHIP HalfAdder {

IN a, b;

OUT sum, // LSB of a + b

carry; // MSB of a + b

PARTS:

Xor(a=a, b=b, out=sum);
And(a=a, b=b, out=carry);
}


Full Adder

CHIP FullAdder {
IN a, b, c;

OUT sum, // LSB of a + b + c

carry; // MSB of a + b + c

PARTS:

HalfAdder(a=c, b=b, sum=sum1, carry=carry1);
HalfAdder(a=a, b=sum1, sum=sum);
And(a=a, b=sum1, out=out1);
Or(a=carry1, b=out1, out=carry);

}


Adder 16 bit

CHIP Add16 {


IN a[16], b[16];

OUT out[16];


PARTS:

HalfAdder(a= a[0], b=b[0], sum= out[0], carry=carry1);
FullAdder(a= a[1], b=b[1], c =carry1, sum = out[1], carry = carry2);
FullAdder(a= a[2], b=b[2], c =carry2, sum = out[2], carry = carry3);
FullAdder(a= a[3], b=b[3], c =carry3, sum = out[3], carry = carry4);
FullAdder(a= a[4], b=b[4], c =carry4, sum = out[4], carry = carry5);
FullAdder(a= a[5], b=b[5], c =carry5, sum = out[5], carry = carry6);
FullAdder(a= a[6], b=b[6], c =carry6, sum = out[6], carry = carry7);
FullAdder(a= a[7], b=b[7], c =carry7, sum = out[7], carry = carry8);
FullAdder(a= a[8], b=b[8], c =carry8, sum = out[8], carry = carry9);
FullAdder(a= a[9], b=b[9], c =carry9, sum = out[9], carry = carry10);
FullAdder(a= a[10], b=b[10], c =carry10, sum = out[10], carry = carry11);
FullAdder(a= a[11], b=b[11], c =carry11, sum = out[11], carry = carry12);
FullAdder(a= a[12], b=b[12], c =carry12, sum = out[12], carry = carry13);
FullAdder(a= a[13], b=b[13], c =carry13, sum = out[13], carry = carry14);
FullAdder(a= a[14], b=b[14], c =carry14, sum = out[14], carry = carry15);
FullAdder(a= a[15], b=b[15], c =carry15, sum = out[15], carry = carry16);

}

Increment 16bit

CHIP Inc16 {

IN in[16];
OUT out[16];

PARTS:
Add16(a[0..15] = in[0..15], b[1..15] = false, b[0] = true, out = out);
}

All chips in the CHAPTER 1

Finally completed the Chapter1 project. Solutions are there in the below link

Chapter.1 solutions

CHAPTER 1

Chip Design is as interesting as Programming. For building OR gate from NAND,we need to remember the basic theorems in Digital electronics.De_Morgan laws



DMUX


MUX





DMux4Way



CHIP DMux4Way {

IN in, sel[2];

OUT a, b, c, d;

PARTS:


DMux(in=in, sel=sel[1], a=mux1, b=mux2);

DMux(in=mux1, sel=sel[0], a=a, b=b);

DMux(in=mux2, sel=sel[0], a=c, b=d);

}




DMux8Way

CHIP DMux8Way {

IN in, sel[3];

OUT a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h;

PARTS:

DMux(in=in, sel=sel[2], a=mux1, b=mux2);
DMux4Way(in=mux1, sel[0]=sel[0], sel[1]=sel[1], a=a,b=b,c=c,d=d);
DMux4Way(in=mux2, sel[0]=sel[0], sel[1]=sel[1], a=e,b=f,c=g,d=h);

}

AND16 chip

built the AND16

This is the second chip tested successfully

Building all the chips

First chip AND built from NAND gate. The first chapter project is to build all the chips from NAND gate.One who finish the first chapter should build all the chips from NAND and test it.



reference link http://www1.idc.ac.il/tecs/plan.html

Ubuntu 10.10

started running Ubuntu 10.10 in my laptop and installation is even easier than my last version 8.4.
You have everything in it when you compare it with Windows,or you can install with just 'Clicks'.

My Ubuntu running with Skype,facebook chat,Firefox,Totem Movie Player and Synaptic Package Manager (easiest installation software from network ) .

Get the free Ubuntu CD from here

going to implement CPU and OS from single book ( 152 Rs)

I have ordered the book introductory CS course called The Elements of Computing Systems. . Hoping I can revist the ALU,CPU, .........assembler/vm/language/os .

Course simplifies Computer Science into a single course ( no need to study Computer Architecure , Assembly, language, complier, OS text books seperately ) ...one shot everthing in it . Don't know much about it ,but ordered the book. read below .TECS - The most amazing CS course I have seen!

AS400 - RPGLE interview questions

AS400 - RPGLE inertview questions
download
RPGLE interview questions

set up WIFI in Ubuntu ( Wireless World)

Happy to share you that I managed to set up WIFI in my laptop. steps followed below


1.) disable atheros hardware access layer (System > Administration > Hardware Drivers)
2.) sudo reboot
3.) wget http://snapshots.madwifi.org/madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6/madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-r3861-20080903.tar.gz

if you are not getting this link try with below command:
sudo svn co https://svn.madwifi-project.org/madwifi/trunk


4.) tar -xvf madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-r3861-20080903.tar.gz
5.) cd madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-r3861-20080903
6.) sudo make install
7.) sudo modprobe ath_pci
8.) sudo nano /etc/modules and append ‘ath_pci’
9.) sudo reboot


Happy WIFI surfing

reference:
http://www.ubuntugeek.com/atheros-ar5007-wireless-with-madwifi-on-ubuntu-804-hardy-heron.html


http://www.pcmech.com/article/how-to-quick-wireless-setup-with-ubuntu-804/

Subfile programs and Docs

1. docoments for Subfiles
subfile doc basics and simple programs
2. Subfile Keywords:
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3. Subfile Programs
Subfile Programs
4. subfiles detailed document

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